Marketing Strategy, Cases

Marketing is a very valuable part of a business; some of the most popular examples of companies who use marketing everyday to help boost sales are McDonald’s, Coca-Cola, Pepsi, and M&M’s. These companies are coming up with new ideas everyday to make the pubic what to buy their products. We know these advertisements and love them. I will discuss some of these examples of marketing and explain why I think marketing is so important. I believe that marketing is the most important part of an organization. It is the main source for getting business. Marketing brings the product to the customer through commercial and advertising, making the consumer want the product, and were to get it. A great example of this is Coca-Cola and Pepsi; there on going rivalry gives the marketing side of their companies something to work with. There are constant taste tests going on, you can go to Schliderbahn and take one. This helps the people pick which one they like best. They also have numerous commercials on prime time Television making the consumer desire to go out and buy a soda. Both Pepsi and Coca-Cola hire famous people to enjoy their product on commercials. This reaches out to us through our heroes and idols. Another great example is McDonald’s they to have commercials enticing the children to come and play and they offer toys in there meals. This gives the children a reason to want to go there and eat. They also hire famous people to enjoy their food on commercials; they also try to incorporate sports into the enticements also. They have catchy songs and jingles that seem to stay with us all through out the day. These are some examples of what I would consider marketing, they are promoting there business through giving the public what they want. â€Å"Marketing is the process of planning and executing the conception, pricing, promotion, and distribution of ideas, goods, services, organizations, and events to create and maintain relationships that will satisfy individual and organizational objectives.† -Contemporary Marketing Wired (1998) by Boone and Kurtz. Dryden Press In this definition of marketing it says to me that the objective to marketing is to take the needs of consumers and are incorporated it into their products to boost the organization. I think this is a great definition. When a company is first starting off it needs to reach the public to make its self-known, get its name into the household. By marketing the products that it has it can effectively find their way into the homes if done correctly, making the business successful. Another example of marketing that comes to mind is, M&M’s they not only came up with a catchy slogan â€Å"Melts in your mouth not in your hands† which everyone knows but they come up with different varieties of colors regularly making buying them interesting. The also have sassy commercials making the consumer feel that getting M&M’s will be fun. They have captured the audience with cute characters that can find there way into our pockets. â€Å"Marketing is a function that works to persuade customers to behave in a way that improves a product’s performance.† – Steve Yastrow My personal definition of marketing is the creativity, ideas, and promotional and innovative concepts to help ensure consumer recognition of the product to boost sales and help establish a client base. I think most companies invest a lot of time and money to Marketing their company and it pays off. Those household names that we know best have put their futures in marketing, making the product something desirable and assessable. Marketing can be a powerful tool for a company, using it in an effective way can make or break a company. Marketing offers a huge variety of opportunities to an organization and will benefit the overall success of the products. Honda Marketing Strategy Honda established the American Honda Motor Company as a subsidiary in 1959. During the 1960's the type of motorcycles brought by Americans underwent a major change. Motorcycle registrations increased by over 800,000 in five years from 1960. In the early 60's the major competitors were Haley – Davidson of U.S.A, BSA, Triumph and Norton of the UK and Motto – Guzzi of Italy. Harley-Davidson had the largest market share with sales in 1959 totaling a6.6 million dollars. Many of the motorcycles produced were large and bulky and this led to the image of the motorcycle rider as being one who wore a leather jacket and went out to cause trouble. The Boston Consulting Group (BCG) report was initiated by the British government to study the decline in British motorcycle companies around the world, especially in the USA where sales had dropped from 49 0n 1959 to 9 0n 1973. The two key factors the report identified was the market share loss and profitability declines a scale economy disadvantages in technology, distribution, and manufacturing. The BCG report showed that success of the Japanese manufacturers started with the growth of their own domestic markets. The high production for domestic demand led to Honda experiencing economies of scale as the cost of producing motorbikes declined with the level of output. This provided Honda to achieve a highly competitive cost position, which they used to penetrate into the US market. † The basic philosophy of the Japanese manufacture is that high volumes per model provide the potential for high productivity as a result of using capital intensive and highly automated techniques. Their marketing strategies are therefore directed towards developing these high model volumes, hence the careful attention that we have observed them giving to growth and market share.† (BCG p.59). The report goes on to show how Honda built up engineering competencies through the innovation of Mr Honda. The company also moved away from other companies who relied upon distributors to sell their bikes when the company set up its headquarters in the west coast of America. The BCG found that the motorcycles available before Honda entered the market were for limited group of people such as the police, army etc. But Honda had a â€Å"policy of selling, not primarily to confirmed motorcyclists but rather to members of the general public who had never before given a second thought to a motorcycle†( SP p.116 ). The small, lightweight Honda Super cub sold at under 250 dollars compared to the bigger American or British machines, which were retailing at around 1000 to 1500 dollars. In 1960 Honda's research team comprised of around 700 designer and engineer staff compared to the 100 or so employed by their competitors showing the value, which the company placed on innovation. Production per man-year was 159 units in 1962, a figure not reached by Harley-Davidson until 1974. Honda was following a strategy of developing region by region. Over a period of four to five years they moved from the west coast of America to the east coast. The report showed the emphasis, which Honda paid to advertising when the company spent heavily on the advertising theme â€Å"you meet the nicest people on a Honda† thereby, disassociating themselves from the rowdy, hell's angel’s type of people. Essentially the BCG is portraying Honda as a firm dedicated to being a low cost producer, utilizing its dominant position in Japan to force entry into the U.S market, redefining that market by putting up the nicest people image and exploiting its comparative advantage via aggressive advertising and pricing. Pascal tends to disagree on many points of the BCG report. The report suggests that there was a smooth entry into the U.S market, which led to an instant success. Pascal argues that Honda entered the American market at the end of the motorcycle trade season showing their impotence to carry out research in the new market. As they entered the market at the wrong time sales were not as good as they should have been and any success was not going to be instantaneous. Pascal also criticizes the assumption that Honda was superior to other competitors in productivity. He says that Honda was successful in Japan with productivity but circumstances indicate that the company was not superior. The lack of funding from the ministry of finance and the ploughing back of profits into inventory meant they had a tight budget to follow. The BCG report shows that Honda had a smooth policy of developing region-by-region, moving from the west to the east. Pascal response is that this is partly true but reminds that Hondas advertising was still in Los Angeles in 1963, four years after setting up their subsidiary. The report to the British government showed that Honda had a deliberate strategy of disassociating themselves from the hells angels’ type of people by following the nicest people advertisement policy. Pascal shows that this was not an intentional move since there were disputes within the company with the director of sales eventually persuading to management against their better judgment. The BCG report found Honda pushed into the U.S market with small lightweight motorbikes. However Pascal says this is again not true. He argues the intended strategy was one of promoting the larger 250cc and 350cc as Honda felt that this was what the market wanted since Americans liked all things large. The bikes were unreliable which led to the promotion of the super cubs. These bikes salvaged the reputation of the company. An idea, which hardly came from an inspired idea but one of desperation. Overall Pascal gives the impression that it was through an incidental sequence of events which led to Honda gaining a strong hold in the U.S market, mainly through the unexpected discovery of a large untapped segment of the market while at the same time trying to retain the interest of the current market. The criticism made by Pascal can be further analyzed by looking at the strengths of the Honda Company. The strengths of Honda start with the roles, which the founders played. Honda was an inventive genius with a large ego and a volatile temperament. His main concerns were Not about the profitability of the company or its products, but rather to show his innovative ability by producing better engines. Fujisawa on the other hand thought about the financial section of the company and how to market the ideas. He often challenged  Honda to come up with better engines. By specializing in their own abilities the two of them were able to pool together resources and function effectively as a team. Another strength was the way the company utilized its market position. Strengths in design advantages and production methods meant they were able to increases sales in Japan even though there was no organization within the company. Once there was a large enough demand for its products, mainly the super cub, Honda both in Japan and in America, moved from a sale on consignment basis to one that required cash on delivery. This seemed a very risky decision to make at the time but within three years they had changed the pattern within the motorcycle industry by shifting the power relationship from the dealer to the manufacturer. Mr. Honda had cultivated a â€Å"success against all odds† culture into the company. This was tested when he sent two executives to the U.S with no strategy other than to see if they could sell something. The weaknesses within an organization can become irrelevant if the strategy is strong and there is good leadership. An element of luck also helped Honda follow an emerging strategy. Restrictions placed on funds by the government for the U.S venture forced Honda to take an alternative route. If they had all the funds necessary they may well have gone through the normal distribution channels. Honda entered the us market right at the end of the motorcycle trade season. When leaking oil and clutch problems occurred on their bikes it did not affect Honda as hard as it would have had they entered in the beginning of the season. Also people noticing the Super cubs led the company to produce a bike, which was not at first supported by senior management. The success of Honda was not the result of senior management coming up with all the answers. In fact senior executives in most Japanese manufacturing companies do not take their strategic positions too seriously. Salesman, cleaners and those working on the manufacturing floor all contribute to the company is run and thereby influence its strategic position. It is this ability of an organization to move ideas from the tom to the bottom and back again in continuous dialogue that the company values the greatest. As a conclusion it is necessary to consider the theoretical side of Hondas strategy and see whether the company was in fact following a model. The first model is the Andrew's model. Andrew came up with the idea that there were two stages to corporate strategy, formulation and implementation. Formulation involved looking at the market, competitors and resources and formulating a corporate strategy, which would be implemented throughout each process of the organizational structure. This model was also supported by Porter. This is how the BCG saw Honda, as a corporation, who had looked at the market, formulated a strategy to cope with the environment and competition pressures and implemented it, making all Hondas plans and activities deliberate. The second model known as the emergent strategy portrays a different image to the Andrews model and shows how Pascal viewed Honda. The model shows a realized strategy made up from an intended strategy together with an emergent strategy, which is not planned but emerges in relation to activities within the environment.

Math Internal Assessment Gold Medal Heights

Gold Medal Heights The heights achieved by gold medalists in the high jump have been recorded starting from the 1932 Olympics to the 1980 Olympics. The table below shows the Year in row 1 and the Height in centimeters in row 2 Year| 1932| 1936| 1948| 1952| 1956| 1960| 1964| 1968| 1972| 1976| 1980| Height (cm)| 197| 203| 198| 204| 212| 216| 218| 224| 223| 225| 236| They were recorded to show a pattern year after year and to reveal a trend. The data graph below plots the height on the y-axis and the year on the x-axis. Data Graph 1 Height (cm) Height (cm) Year YearIn Data Graph 1 the data shown represents the height in cm achieved by gold medalists in accordance to the year in which the Olympic games were held. The Graph shows a gradual increase in height as the years increase. The parameters shown in this are the heights, which can be measured during each year to show the rise. The constraints of this task are finding a function to fit the data point shown in Data Graph 1. Some other constraints would be that there aren’t any outliers in the graph and it has been a pretty steady linear rise. The type of function that models the behavior of the function is linear.This type of function models it because the points resemble a line rather than a curve. To represent the points plotted in Data Graph 1 a function is created. To start deciphering a function I started with the equation – Y = mx + b To show the slope of the line since the function is linear. For the first point the function would have to satisfy 197 = m (1932) + b In order for the line to be steep the b value or y intercept will have to be low to give it a more upward positive slope. Y = mx -1000 197 = m (1932) -1000 1197 = m (1932) m = 0. 619The final linear equation to satisfy some points would be y = 0. 62x – 1000 The graph below shoes the model linear function and the original data points to show their relationship. Graph 2 Year Year Height (cm) Height (cm) The graph above shows t he linear function y = 0. 62x – 1000 in relation to the data points plotted on Data Graph 1. The differences between the function and the points plotted is that the function does not full satisfy all the x and y values. The outliers in this case are from the years 1948, 1952, and 1980 which all of y values that do not meet the function closely.Using regression the following function and graph is found. The function and line found using regression matches the one found by me. The linear function does not cross all points but shows the gradual shape in which the points plotted make. Another function that is used is a quadratic function Quadratic functions are set up as: Y = px2 + tx +b To make this function resemble the points plotted on the Graph 1 the p value will have to be very small to widen the shape of the quadratic The b value also has to be small to resemble the y intercept and to give the graph a more upward slopeI used the function: Y = 0. 0000512Ãâ€"2 + 0. 5171x â €“ 1010 In order for this function to work it must satisfy the point of (1964, 218) Y = 0. 0000512 (1964)2 + 0. 5171 (1964) – 1010 Y = 0. 0000512 (3857296) + 1015. 58 – 1010 Y = 197. 49 + 1015. 58 – 1010 Y = 218 This graph of the function y = 0. 0000512Ãâ€"2 +0. 5171x – 1010 is shown in the following Graph 3 as it is against the points plotted in Data Graph 1 Graph 3 Height (cm) Height (cm) Year Year It is shown in Graph 3 that the quadratic function does resemble the shape of the line plotted by the points in Data Graph 1.In Graph 4 both functions are shown against the original data points plotted in Data Graph 1. Graph 4 Height (cm) Height (cm) Year Year Had the games been held in 1940 and 1944 the winning heights would be estimated as: Y = 0. 62(1940) – 1000 Y = 1202. 8 – 1000 Y = 202. 8 When the x value of 1940 is plugged into the linear equation y = 0. 62x – 1000 the y value, or winning height in the year 1940, would be 202. 8. Y = 0. 0000512(1940)2 + 0. 5171(1940) – 1010 Y = 0. 0000512(3763600) + 1003. 17 – 1010 Y = 192. 69 + 1003. 17 – 1010 Y = 185. 86 When the x value 1940 is plugged into the quadratic equation y = 0. 000512Ãâ€"2 + 0. 5171x – 1010 the y value, or winning height for 1940, is 185. 86. In order to make a more accurate estimate for the winning height in 1940 the average of both terms, 202. 8 and 185. 86, are taken. 202. 8 + 185. 86 / 2 = 194. 33 The estimated winning height in 1940 would be 194. 33 For the estimated winning height in 1944: Y = 0. 62(1944) – 1000 Y = 1205. 28 – 1000 Y = 205. 28 When the x value of 1944 is plugged into the linear equation 0. 62x – 1000 the y value, or winning height in 1944, is 205. 8. Y = 0. 0000512(1944)2 + 0. 5171(1944) – 1010Y = 0. 0000512(3779136) + 1005. 24 – 1010 Y = 193. 49 + 1005. 24 – 1010 Y = 188. 73 When the x value of 1944 is plugged into the quadratic equation of 0. 00005 12Ãâ€"2 + 0. 5171x + 1010 the y value, or winning height in 1944, is 188. 73. To have a more accurate estimate of the winning height the average of the two y values of two functions is taken. 188. 73 + 205. 28 / 2 = 197. 01 The winning height for the 1944 Olympics would be estimated at 197. 01 Graph 5 Year Year Height (cm) Height (cm) Graph 5 shows all the data from the 1896 Olympics to the 2008 Olympics.The red line is the quadratic function f(x) = 0. 0000512Ãâ€"2 + 0. 5171x – 1010 and the blue line represents the linear function f(x) = 0. 62x -1000. The function models that are represented in Graph 5 do not fully resemble the points plotted from the gold medal high jump heights but have an overall shape of the rise in height from year to year. Graph 6 Height (cm) Height (cm) Year Year The graph above shows all data point plotted on a graph. The overall trend or shape resemble that of a cubic. Graph 7 The shape of the cubic resembles more of the shape shown in the data poi nts plotted on Graph 6.The modifications that need to be made on my models are that the quadratic function needs to have a more curve to it than just a straight line. To do that I need to change the variables a, b, and c in the equation f(x) = ax2 + bx + c f(x) = 0. 0000512Ãâ€"2 + 0. 5171x -1010 Graph 8 Height (cm) Height (cm) Year Year In a zoomed out view the graph shows the overall shape of the quadratic shape of the red line and how it goes through the black data points and how the linear equation is completely straight. IB Mathematics SL Year 2 Internal Assessment Gold Medal Heights Date Due: February 11, 2013

Analyzing The Journeys End Of Regeneration English Literature Essay

Analyzing The Journeys End Of Regeneration English Literature Essay In the two works that I will be analysing, ‘Journey’s End’ and ‘Regeneration’, class refers to the social values that distinguish between the lower, middle and upper class men. The theme of class is central to both of the works and is personified in two predominant characters, ‘Trotter’ in ‘Journey’s End’ as well as ‘Prior’ in ‘Regeneration’, they will both be fundamental subjects in my essay; in which I will discuss how ‘Sheriff’ and ‘Barker’ explore this theme of class, concerning similarities and differences in the various methods employed. Three palpable contrasts between the works should at the outset be mentioned. Firstly ‘Journey’s End’ was written by a man, ‘Sheriff’ who had firsthand experience of the war, himself being a captain in the East Surrey Regiment. Therefore, we can assume that some events in ‘Journey’s End’ and characters used are most likely influenced by genuine soldiers. Thus themes of class and the harshness of war are even more authentic and realistic; â€Å"How awfully nice – if the brigadier’s pleased† – is a typical, if not sarcastic, response from a proverbial soldier; Stanhope, concerning Osborne’s death, showing little respect for those in higher command and also his repression of emotion. Sheriff explores the theme of class through the effects on the characters; how differing people handle the constant stress of war, for Stanhope, it is to â€Å"drink like a fish†, in contrast to Trotters circle drawing, perhaps showing a lack of imagination. On the other hand the writer of ‘Regeneration’, ‘Barker’ is a woman and more importantly a lot younger than ‘Sheriff’ with no direct experience of the war. ‘Regeneration’ seems to focus more on the aftermath, which allows a broade r sense of themes such as roles of women and the altered mental states of the class men. â€Å"You seem to have a very powerful anti-war neurosis†, is Rivers’ reply to Sassoon, who asks if he is mad, it shows the effect of the war, that it can make an educated and brave man question his own sanity. It also explores the theme of class; Rivers and Sassoon immediately create a bond with one another, coming from similar backgrounds and viewpoints, as opposed to the perpetual antagonism between Prior and Rivers. Secondly ‘Journey’s End’ is a play, as opposed to a novel, and ‘Sheriff’ employs staging. This coupled with the need for a play to be entertaining, does not give ‘Sheriff’ the luxury of including pages full of background conversation which allow subtle character progression. ‘Barker’s’ work in general could be seen as symbolically internal with the characters thoughts and deep emotions shown through i ntrospection, â€Å"†¦ and thought oh God, it’s going to be another one of this†, this allows the audience to understand the characters in greater detail, to relate to them based on our personal experience, perspective and class. Whereas ‘Sheriff’s’ is driven by actions, and what other characters say. â€Å"(He puts the box on its side and sits on it. It is too low for the table, and he puts it on its end. It is then too high†¦)†, When ‘Trotter’ is first introduced the stage actions show him to be a comical character, at odds with the more serious Stanhope or the â€Å"hard as nails† Osborne, however ‘Trotter’ is a much more deep individual below the surface, which is shown by the end of the play with his promotion to second in command; Similarly ‘Prior’ in ‘Regeneration’ is first introduced as a mute, with a case of ‘dumbness’, differing to the other characters , but throughout the novel he conveys himself to be highly intelligent and profound.

Foucault notions of power and its implications of studying power in Essay

Foucault notions of power and its implications of studying power in international relations - Essay Example are few of the pertinent examples of power play within the society. But Foucault’s concept of power within the international relation becomes vital elements of global politics that has wide ranging implications for world at large (Patton, 1998). In the contemporary times, power within and across nations has emerged as major contentious issue that tends to suppress the wider objectives of democratic principles and sovereignty of nations which are less power powerful in terms of socio-economic, technology and military superiority. He describes it as a relation that is only visible when it is applied or used strategically in a situation to achieve one’s own vested interests (Foucault, 1982; Mills, 2003). Thus, it use or misuse becomes vital ingredients of maintaining one’s status in global political arena. The hegemony of America in global politics is prime example of economic, technological and military power that it applies over other nations. America has used its power either directly like invading Iraq on false pretence or indirectly through leading financial institutions like World Bank, IMF and international agencies like United Nations etc. and forcing developing and under-developed nations to open their markets for foreign business. Thus, Foucault’s concept of power can easily be applied on international

A proposal to the dean to consider a new grading policy called (Grade Essay

A proposal to the dean to consider a new grading policy called (Grade Replacement) - Essay Example I know I am modest when I say that the trustworthiness of existing examination criteria has feasts tremendous criticism in assessing a student’s insight of course material. Consequently, I argue that the institution has to take into account certain flexibility methods for a student’s academic records that reflect his or her efforts. The existing examination criteria for CU demand that the teaching staff adds a course-retaking student’s grades in his or her aggregate quality-point mean calculations. On the contrary, I propose that with the Dean’s consent, students can be free to replace their courses’ marks with the higher of the two exams taken during retake. This proposal will also allow the students to exempt the low-grade from calculating his or her aggregate quality-point mean score. As a result, the student’s records will still show the student took both exams and delivered an honest academic record. The following paper further provides proof of ways this policy can benefit the institution, student, and ensure the student’s future career. Additionally, I will support my proposal would statistics and true comparisons with institutions that currently apply this particular policy in their ranking system. In 2009, author Gerald Watkins Bracey noted that examiners believe the existing system for evaluation in the education sector is flawed. Irrespective of this observation, representatives in control of this sector still consider student grades the single source of evaluating their academic abilities and commitment. This poor consideration turns the entire education system into an ethical matter that one can resolve or alleviate in some ways (Thomsen, 2015). It is worth noting that this proposal involves enabling limited forgiveness to students by offering them another opportunity when they make a twin effort in one class. My retake and

THE ORIGINS OF ART Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

THE ORIGINS OF ART - Case Study Example Nowadays, the situation is not different. This is evident in televisions, billboards and magazines where men and women with ‘perfect’ bodies are used to advertise goods and services. Through this concept, we can conclude that ancient man and modern man are not different. However, using modern culture to explain a past culture may not be entirely reliable. First of all, there are special cultures that were totally different from us. Take for instance the Egyptians. They were not affected by peak shift and did not see the need to design unrealistic human forms. Secondly, all artists are different. Though they are connected by the desire to create art, artisans differ in many ways; for example they have different sources of inspiration, what works for one might not work for the other. The sources of inspiration for ancient artists are not the same as modern artists. It is therefore not plausible to use modern art to try to decipher ancient art. Prehistoric paintings are not depictions of shamanic trance visions. The paintings were based on creatures that were present the time like horses and reindeer that were in existence in Europe. These were creatures that were either eaten, used or seen by the ancient man. It is worth noting that different archeological sites had different set of animal paintings. The paintings in Europe comprised animals that were there at the time, Africa had its own set of animals and paintings, as was the rest of the world. If they were trance visions, then we could expect paintings of alien creatures in various archeological sites. For instance, we could expect to find paintings of American animals in African sites. No, it does not. It is difficult o deduce this issue due to the amount of time that separates modern times and the prehistoric times. No amount of thinking will enable us to know what made them start

Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Assignment Example The santa factor may bind to its specific receptor in the cytosol or on the nuclear membrane. This causes the formation of a receptor-ligand complex that then acts as an effector molecule on the DNA (transcription factor or co-factor). This is basically transcription regulation. Several pathways can be implicated. They include; acting as specificity factors, repressors, activators or enhancers. Taking that the santa-receptor complex acts as a repressor for gene transcription; this complex may bind to the operator portion of the DNA and prevent the DNA polymerase from transcribing a specific gene, or genes. In the given case, the gene coding for FuIL protein will not be transcribed. The result is that no mRNA is formed, and subsequently no synthesis of the protein. Alternatively, it may act as a post translational modifier. Here, it will modify the folding structure of the FuIL protein, and subsequently lead to the ‘exposure’ of the degron on the protein for action by ubi quitin conjugating enzymes E1, E2 and E3. Combinations of different ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes and other factors constitute other pathways of the ubiquitin system, each of which conjugates a specific subset of proteins. There is some evidence that certain sequence elements and structural motifs of target proteins are degradation signals which mark them for ubiquitination by a particular model of the ubiquitin system and for eventual degradation. When looking at the santa factor as a direct promoter of protein degradation, it may diffuse into the cell and bind to the FuIL protein (like an enzyme-substrate complex) causing a conformational change in its structure that exposes the normally hidden degron. As a ligand, it may also bind to a receptor that catalyzes the phosphorylation forming a phosphodegron which is specific to certain multiunit ubiquitin ligases. An example would be a serpentine receptor. The serpentine receptors are coupled to a plasma membrane phospholipase C that cleaves PIP2 to diacylglycerol and IP3. By opening calcium channels in the endoplasmic reticulum, IP3 raises cytosolic calcium. Diacylglycerol and calcium act to activate protein kinase C, which phosphorylates and changes the conformation of the protein. This may be exposure of the degron. This then leads to facilitated function of ubiquitin and proteasome complexes that target and destroy specific proteins. Polyubiquitin tagging of proteins (ubiquitin attachment site in proteins is commonly a lysine side chain) by specific enzymes (E1,2 and 3) provides the major source of selectivity in the process of degradation, whereas the 26S proteasome complex performs the protein unfolding necessary for cleavage of the ubiquitin tagged proteins. This also provides an avenue for selectivity for the FuIL, as the E3 may bind to the santa, become allosterically modified and thus become specific to the FuIL. Such a mechanism is evident where the growth-regulating plant indole auxin binds to a spec ific E3 ligase, and forms part of a protein-binding interface that allows high-affinity interaction with specific protein substrates. (Sharon M) ii) Santa Response Element. The santa response element acts as a secure site for binding of RNA polymerase and the required transcription factors such as the SREB. It thus acts as an operator for the operon in question. The SREB molecule requires transport into the nucleus so as to exert

Andrew Jackson Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Andrew Jackson - Essay Example On his defense of the rights of the Federal government during the Nullification Crisis of 1832, Jackson invoked his presidential powers to affirm the superiority of the federal constitution. 1Jackson declares that the responsibility 'imposed on him by the constitution" is to ensure that the laws are applied 'faithfully' as long as the execution of his duties is consistent with the authority 'emphatically pronounced in the constitution'. This contention delineates further Jackson's respect of the supremacy of the federal law which bestowed on him the authority to apply it objectively and fairly, making sure that he remains loyal to his obligations within legal bounds. Jackson is also unswerving on his perspective towards the role of the federal government as an overseer of the states. For him, South Carolina's illusory power to nullify a federal law is 'inconsistent with every principle on which [the union] was founded." Jackson's unwavering fidelity to fulfill his obligations as president and to put into practice the fed... This does not connote constraints on the freedom of the states but rather assert the duties of the federal government towards problems that fall beyond the bounds of the states' jurisdictions. 3Without this control, states' would effect its own policy towards the Indians which could result to more complications. Such policy makes it possible for the states and the national government to avoid collision. 4The prevention of this collision which purports to 'preserve the Union by all constitutional means" delineates Jackson's faith in federalism and the ideals he bestows in his office. 5This only shows that Jackson is ready to apply the full force of the law in order to protect the federal principles which for him form a part of a 'happy union.' In his response towards South Carolina's Nullification issue, he proclaims that he will 'recourse to force' to preserve the Union and views further opposition towards the national government's promulgation of the federal law a form of treason. However, this does not try to pit the state authorities against the national government but intends to fortify the federal institutions which all states subjected themselves to. As there had been other states in the past who aimed to weaken the federal institution by threatening to break away with the union, Jacks on's assertion of the power of the central government to bring to a halt these threats resulted to the strengthening of the fundamental system and avoided confrontations between the national government and the states. Jackson's decision not to renew the contract of the Bank of the United States further attested to his consistency in his obligations to the people

Engineering and Technology versus the natural Environment Essay

Engineering and Technology versus the natural Environment - Essay Example More recently of course, particularly during the late 19th century and early 20th century, a great array of scientific and technical discoveries were made which directly affected the way in which mankind viewed its environment as something to be changed to meet its needs and desires more conveniently. With engineering innovations came bigger houses, transportation systems, increased infrastructure and urban development. All of these things, once made apparent to mankind, did not remain novelties for long, but soon became seen as essential and a practical and fundamental aspect to civilised living, without which, human needs were not being met. The famous psychologist, Abraham Maslow explains this shift in thought in his ‘hierarchy of needs’ theory (1973). This theory explains that human needs are based upon which needs have already been met. At the bottom of the hierarchy, are the more physical human needs of shelter and nourishment. When these are difficult to come by, they are essentially all that is felt to be ‘needed’ by the individual. It is only when these needs are met, that the person feels a need for something else, which according to this theory, would be things like friendship and family. At the top of the hierarchy, are much more emotional needs such as self-actualisation, professional achievement and similar. The point is, as the world became built up and urbanised, and more tools and aesthetic factors thus became more common, people’s needs and expectations fundamentally changed.... de apparent to mankind, did not remain novelties for long, but soon became seen as essential and a practical and fundamental aspect to civilised living, without which, human needs were not being met. The famous psychologist, Abraham Maslow explains this shift in thought in his ‘hierarchy of needs’ theory (1973). This theory explains that human needs are based upon which needs have already been met. At the bottom of the hierarchy, are the more physical human needs of shelter and nourishment. When these are difficult to come by, they are essentially all that is felt to be ‘needed’ by the individual. It is only when these needs are met, that the person feels a need for something else, which according to this theory, would be things like friendship and family. At the top of the hierarchy, are much more emotional needs such as self-actualisation, professional achievement and similar. The point is, as the world became built up and urbanised, and more tools and aes thetic factors thus became more common, people’s needs and expectations fundamentally changed. Quite paradoxically, as the world has radically shifted in its desires to become increasingly civilised, archeologically impressive and technologically convenient, so too has the global interest in maintaining the natural environment. In recent decades, the adverse impact that technology and engineering has had upon the natural environment has become increasingly apparent and worrisome, as rainforest destruction is widespread and climate changes have reached shocking levels. Environmental groups have long been urging people to acknowledge the crucial importance of maintaining the natural environment, not just because of the vital role that its elements play in sustaining life, but because of its beauty and

The Passionate Shepherd to His Love Summary Essay Example for Free

The Passionate Shepherd to His Love Summary Essay The Passionate Shepherd to His Love is a pastoral lyric, a poetic form that is used to create an idealized vision of rural life within the context of personal emotion. Pastoral poems had been in vogue among poets for at least seventeen hundred years when Marlowe wrote this one. The Greek poet Theocritis, in the third century B.C.E. (Shipley 300-1,) was the first pastoralist poet, and he, too, wrote about shepherds. All pastoral poetry, including Marlowes, is to some degree influenced by this original practitioner. The poem is written in very regular iambic tetrameter. Each line contains exactly four heavy stresses, and the metrical feet are almost always iambic. Similarly, most lines contain eight syllables, and the few that dont create a specific poetic effect (such as lines 3 and 4), or have easily elided syllables which may be read as eight. This regular meter, sustained through the twenty-four lines, remarkably never descends into the sing-song quality so prevalent in tetrameter, primarily because Marlowe salts his lines with a variety of devices that complement the meter without drawing too much attention to its rigid regularity. Marlowes use of soft consonants (such as W, M, Em, F) to start lines, with the occasional feminine ending of an unstressed syllable (in the third stanza) lend a delightful variety to an essentially regular and completely conventional form. In the first stanza, the Shepherd invites his love to come with him and pleasures prove (line 2.) This immediate reference to pleasure gives a mildly sexual tone to this poem, but it is of the totally innocent, almost naà ¯ve kind. The Shepherd makes no innuendo of a sordid type, but rather gently and directly calls to his love. He implies that the entire geography of the countryside of England Valleys, groves, hills and fields/Woods or steepy mountains will prove to contain pleasure of all kinds for the lovers. This vision of the bounteous earth (reminiscent of the New Testaments admonishment Look at the birds of the air: they neither sow nor reap nor gather into barns, and yet your heavenly Father feeds them. Matthew 6:26) is a very common theme in pastoral poetry. The idealization of rural life is essentially what separates pastoral poetry from simple rustic verse. Realism, which would not come into being as a poetic or literary style for many centuries after Marlowe, has little place in pastoral verse. The next stanza suggests that the lovers will take their entertainment not in a theatre or at a banquet, but sitting upon rocks or by rivers. They will watch shepherds (of which the titular speaker is ostensibly one, except here it is implied that he will have ample leisure) feeding their flocks, or listening to waterfalls and the songs of birds. The enticements of such auditory and visual pleasures can be seen as a marked contrast to the hurly-burly (a phrase Marlowe used in his later play, Dido, Queen of Carthage, Act IV, Scene 1) of the London stage plays which Marlowe would write. These are entirely bucolic, traditional entertainments; the idea of Marlowe, the young man about town who chose to live in London, actually enjoying these rustic pleasures exclusively and leaving the city behind is laughable. Again, these invitations are not to be taken literally. Marlowe may well have admired pastoral verse, and the ideals of it (such as Ovids ideals of aggressive, adulterous heterosexual love) were not necessarily those he would espouse for himself. The third, fourth, and fifth stanzas are a kind of list of the delights, mostly sartorial, that the Shepherd will make for his lady love. Here it becomes clearer that the Shepherd is really none of the same; indeed, he is more like a feudal landowner who employs shepherds. The list of the things he will make for his lady: beds of roses (a phrase, incidentally, first coined by Marlowe, which has survived to this day in common speech, though in the negative , no bed of roses meaning not a pleasant situation) thousand fragrant posies, cap of flowers, kirtle embroidered with leaves of myrtle, gown made of the finest wool/Which from our pretty lambs we pull, fair-linà ¨d slippers, buckles of the purest gold, belt of straw and ivy buds, coral clasps, and amber studs) reveal a great deal about the situation of the Shepherd and what he can offer his love. While certainly many of the adornments Marlowe lists would be within the power of a real shepherd to procure or make (the slippers, the belt, possibly the bed of roses (in season), the cap of flowers, and the many posies, and possibly even the kirtle embroidered with myrtle and the lambs wool gown,) but the gold buckles, the coral clasps, and the amber studs would not be easily available to the smallholder o r tenant shepherds who actually did the work of sheepherding. This increasingly fanciful list of gifts could only come from a member of the gentry, or a merchant in a town. This is another convention of pastoral poetry. While the delights of the countryside and the rural life of manual labor are celebrated, the poet (and the reader) is assumed to be noble, or at least above manual labor. The fantasy of bucolic paradise is entirely idealized; Marlowes Shepherd is not a real person, but merely a poetic device to celebrate an old poetic ideal in verse. Incidentally, the plants mentioned (roses, flowers, and myrtle) are conventional horticultural expressions of romance. The rose, especially, was sacred to the goddess Venus (and it is how roses have come to symbolize romantic love in some modern Western cultures.) The myrtle was associated with Venus, too, and especially with marriage rituals in Ancient Rome. This connotation would have been known to Marlowes readers. The attribute of virginity should not necessarily be assumed here; it was not for a few more centuries that myrtle would come to symbolize sexual purity. Therefore the kirtle embroidered with myrtle is not just a pretty rhyme and a word-picture of a desirable garment. It was meant to symbolize that this was a nuptial invitation, and that the Shepherds lady was not strictly defined (though she may well have been meant to be) a virgin bride. Myrtle was an appropriate nature symbol from the Greek and Roman mythologies (from which the first pastoral poems come) to insert into a love-poem. The image of the Shepherd as a member of the gentry becomes complete when, in the last stanza, it is said The shepherd swains shall dance and sing/For thy delight each May-morning. The picture here is of other shepherds doing the speakers bidding. A rustic form of performance – in the open air and not on a stage – is again in marked contrast to the kind of formal performance of plays on the Renaissance stage, which would make Marlowe famous at a very young age. The poem ends with an if statement, and contains a slightly somber note. There is no guarantee that the lady will find these country enticements enough to follow the Shepherd, and since the construction of them is preposterous and fantastical to begin with, the reader is left with the very real possibility that the Shepherd will be disappointed. Analysis â€Å"The Passionate Shepherd to His Love† was composed sometime in Marlowe’s early years, (between the ages of sixteen and twenty-three) around the same time he translated Ovid’s Amores. This is to say, Marlowe wrote this poem before he went to London to become a playwright. Thornton suggests that Marlowe’s poetic and dramatic career follows an â€Å"Ovidian career model† (xiv), with his amatory poems belonging to his youth, followed later by epic poems (such as Hero and Leander) and Lucan’s First Book). The energy and fanciful nature of youth is evident in â€Å"Passionate Shepherd†, which has been called â€Å"an extended invitation to rustic retirement† (xv). It is headlong in its rush of sentiment, though, upon examination, it reveals itself to be a particularly well-balanced piece of poetry. This poem is justly famous: though it may not be immediately identifiable as Marlowes (it is often mistakenly thought to be a sonnet of Shakespeare, though that is incorrect in both authorship and poetic form) it has a place in most anthologies of love-poetry. It may well be the most widely recognized piece that Marlowe ever wrote, despite the popularity of certain of his plays. The meter, though seemingly regular, gives a great deal of meaning and music to this poem. In line 10 the iambic pattern, so far unbroken, reverses to trochaic (stressed, unstressed). The line is innocuous And a thousand fragrant posies – there is no special meaning in this line that requires a complete reversal of the meter. But it is a completely complementary line to the one above it (which contains an almost perfect match of nine iambic syllables), and creates movement and motion in the poem. This kind of temporary shift of meter makes the poem lighter to read, and, while preserving regularity, lessens any sing-song quality that might occur if too many regular lines appear in sequence. This skillful change is one of the reasons this poem is so often read aloud. It is musical and regular to the ear, but it is never rigid or predictable. Line endings, too, can create variety within regularity, and also call attention to the subject matter of the lines. The only stanza which contains the line ending termed feminine (that is, an additional unstressed syllable following the final stressed syllable – while it may not have been called feminine in Marlowes day, the softer consonant at the end of a disyllabic word such as those in this stanza definitely can convey femininity) is the third. There will I make thee beds of roses This is done by using disyllabic words at the end of the line. The second syllable of most two-syllable words is usually an unstressed one. These lines all end with particularly feminine objects, too – roses, posies, kirtle (a womans garment), and myrtle. It should be noted that every other line-terminating word in the entire poem is a monosyllabic one, with the lone exception of line 22, in which the masculine stressed ending is forced by the hyphenated construction May-morn ing. Marlowe chose his words with very great care. Scansion of poetry is never exact; while lines 1 and 20 are often read as iamb ic, the beginning (especially line 20) can easily be read as a spondee (two long syllables – Come live with me and be my love/ rather than Come live with me and be my love/). A skillful and expressive reader might read this repeated line thusly, upon its second occurrence. The different stress would add pleading to the tone of the line (the emphases on the verbs come live and and be) and bespeak a slight desperation on the part of the Shepherd. If read the opposite way from the first line (spondaic rather than iambic) the meaning of the line changes just enough to create a development of emotion. This is no mean feat in a poem only twenty-four lines in length. (Note that there is disputed stanza (second from the last) Thy silver dishes for thy meat which appears in some older editions – the latest critical editions do not include it.) At first glance The Passionate Shepherd To His Love can seem to be a nice piece of pastoral frippery. Considering that it was written, probably, in Marlowes late adolescence, and if read as a superficial exercise in the practice of a very old form of poetry, it can seem to be light and insubstantial. But any studied analysis of the poem reveals its depth; the poem can be read as containing irony (as written by an urbane man who longed for the city rather than the country, and thus constructed impossible rustic scenarios), serious and heartfelt emotion, a slight political commentary, a gentle sadness, and a transcendent love of nature. Good poetry is often many things to different readers, and Marlowe was able to create, within a codified (and one might say ossified) form of poetry a piece of clever and flexible Elizabethan verse. The Shepherd may not have been real, but the emotions and effects created by this poem have their own reality.

Significance Of The Representation Of The City English Literature Essay

Significance Of The Representation Of The City English Literature Essay In this essay I will be discussing three very diverse texts which will allow me to bring into light a various number of views and interpretations of the city. I will be focusing on D. H. Lawrences Women in Love, T. S Eliots The Waste Land, and finally Virginnia Woolfs Mrs Dalloway. All texts will help me come across the different insights, views and personal feelings towards the city the authors felt. Many of these authors develop their ideas and emphasise on the affects of the city through their characterization, this essay will further help me develop the representation of the city and look into it in more detail. I will focus on a number of areas such as characters, settings, thoughts and views in the texts in order to gain an answer as to what the significance of the representation of the city may in fact be in connection to its authors. As we read on through the poem, Eliot continues to present the Waste Land as a very complex poem; it tackles and confronts a variety of contradictory ideas and understandings. The intended meaning of the poem may come across as something different to both critics and readers; it can in effect be seen as a text that can have a variety of meanings and can be interpreted by anyone in their own ways. The text can be seen as being interpreted through the person and society, or can also be interpreted on a personal note where Eliot may seek to reveal his own feelings and intentions as to why he wrote the poem. The main theme of the poem can be distinguished through the way in which Eliot portrays modern life as a Waste Land. He supports this theme by showing what was wrong with society in the early twentieth century. He demonstrates the lack of faith in the poem through a number of ways; he puts into words the weakness of society by presenting a certain lack of faith, lack of communication , and corruption of life, alcohol and sex. At one point he shows one of the characters saying I can connect nothing with nothing.  [4]  This indicates the character having no faith or confidence in them self; there seems to be no connections and no meanings to her life, it seems to come across as though her life is just a waste. In the text Eliot speaks about the crowdedness of the city many of times. The Unreal city, Under the brown fog of a winter dawn, A crowd flowed over London Bridge, so many, I had not thought death had undone so manyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ The fast paced text conveys allusions which create a sense of crowding in the city. London is depicted as a very busy city, a place where something is always happening; it is illustrated as being different in contrast to what you would experience in the countryside. The Waste Land creates an unattractive image of London, we feel appalled by the amount of industrialization taking place as the surroundings are described as being encircled by the brown fog. The depiction of the industrialized city can become so shocking and brutal that it can in some ways be seen as a character. Furthermore The Waste Land conveys several distinct images that help to present a deeper meaning to the text. As we read through the poem, we come across the lines Sweet Thames, run softly, till I end my song.  [5]  This sentence conveys a feeling of sadness and obscurity. This frame of mind is related to the lines that follow which talk about death and sorrow, the mood of the text comes across as very dark and threatening. One of the main points seems to come into light through the portrayal of the River Thames. This river can be seen as symbolising death, it is like a bridge which the dead spirits need to cross over in order to face death. By saying that this person wants the river to run softly before the song ends indicates that this character is near death, and after his story has been said, he will be ready to accept it. Death in itself is a very dark topic in relation to the title of the poem; this passage can be seen as linking the time and the place together before death . The place is shown not to exist in the living world or the dead; it is conveyed as being something which is in between. This area can be seen in many ways as a Waste Land just as the poems title suggests. The Waste Land can be linked to many things in this poem, in this case it can be where the river Thames lays, a place where the living and the dead do not inhabit. The imagery bought across in these lines is very effective in relation to the mood and themes they set in the poem. They give the mood of sadness and mourning which gives deeper meaning to the rest of the text. All the way through the preceding lines after the Sweet Thames, there is a sad mood which flows in the course of the text. As the readers read on in The Waste Land, they get a feeling which indicates that even if they were to read something happy and cheerful in the poem it would still have a dark effect. The imagery of death, sorrow, sadness and gloom is very effective in this case as it allows the poem to set a feeling for the rest of the text. In the Waste Land à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦the images and symbols fall broadly into two categories-firstly, images drawn from myth and religion, and secondly, images taken from the common aspects of urban life.  [6]   The modern city in contemporary literature is shown to be very complex in the 20th century. Within literature there are a number of writers who move towards the physical reality of the modern urban life and surroundings; Virginnia Woolf in many ways is a good example of this. In her novel Mrs. Dalloway, we are presented with the citys obscure feelings that link the perception of the two main protagonists together. The characters Woolf looks at are the the centre of life itself  [7]  . On the contrary, D.H. Lawrence has been the most provocative of modernist authors  [8]  , he shows his own understanding of the city as a place of desolation and division. His text Women in Love illustrates London as a corrupted city which is populated by outward characters who can only find their pleasure and happiness in sex, drinking and taking part in criminal activities. Both of these modernistic texts allow us as the readers to identify the different representations of urban life in a chan ging city; we are presented with images of the actual London and the illusory London. Both of these texts can in many ways portray similar themes, feelings and ideas towards the city which The Waste Land has previously been seen to do in this essay. In addition Mrs Dalloway and Septimus are characters in Woolfs novel who capture the passing moments of their lives in a city. Both of these characters are shown to be walking through the city and feeling the liveliness of London. Their responses to the same city symbols vary from one another. Septimus Smith says everything had come to a standstill  [9]  whereas Mrs Dalloway shows us she is amused by the noise and high energy of the city life. The opposing reflections both of these characters present show how their everyday city-occurrences result in a contradictory presentation of the city life; it offers an accurate sense of reality within this way of life. We can see this being present in the novel as Woolf uses free indirect speech. Her form of expression is a good linguistic technique in the novel; it acts as a verbal counterpart to the mental moments of uncertainty within the reality of urban life. In this sense, the contrasting reflections on the same incidents and Woolfs new form of expression result in an overlapping of the characters consciousnesses which at the same time link to images presented in the novel. In D.H Lawrences work on the other hand, traditional language is not enough to show his understanding and feelings towards modernity. The city is illustrated as a complex, and socially diverse place, the new forms of expression are essential in order to work in opposition to the growing sense of isolation. Lawrence is shown to be using repetition in his work in order to bring across the crowdedness and light-headedness of the atmosphere in the city. Birkin says I always feel so doomed when the train is running into London. I feel such despair, so hopeless, as if it were the end of the world.  [10]  The diction Lawrence chooses to use is very interesting to look at, he uses hopeless in different contexts and repeats himself in order to bring across Birkins emotions towards the city. We can say that the actual meaning of the diction he dec ides to use may in fact change and be a connection to the modern city and environment where it bears a resemblance to the new time of order and effectiveness. The characters in Women in Love are shown to undergo different experiences and feelings in relation to the modern city, for example they are shown to feel misery and corruption in the text. Lawrence brings across the unattractiveness of the urban and industrial city and establishes the citys mentality into the minds of the miners. As a result, he creates a perfect, inhuman system of machines, where the miners begin to deny their humanity in feeling satisfied to belong to the great and wonderful machine, even whilst it destroyed them  [11]  . There is a lot of depiction of the state of mind in Women in Love; Woolf also brings across this mental absorption of the citys characteristics through the characters she presents in Mrs Dalloway. Doing everything on time and being exact is something which is part of most modern minded people, this is symbolised by the way in which time is shown on Big Ben in the novel. Virginia Woolf presents the city as a physical place presenting the menta l state of mind of the characters. For Mrs Dalloway à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦silence falls on London; and falls on the mind  [12]  , this in many ways indicates a deep connection between the inner thoughts and emotions and the outer world. Septimus consciousness reflects the understandings of the outer world. He did not want to die. Life was good.  [13]   There are many ways in which we can see that the link between the city and the mental life is illustrated through the character of Peter Walsh. On one hand Peter suffers from the loneliness in London as he feels a strangeness of standing alone, alive, unknown, at half-past eleven in Trafalgar Square.  [14]  However he also uses this feeling to keep track of the young woman before she is lost in the city crowd. Peter chasing the young woman may in fact symbolize the change of social behaviour and interactions between the two sexes within the restrictions of the city. In Women in Love a new directness regarding sexuality is presented as a consequence of the changing cultural environment in the city. Alcohol and sexual excitement are presented as the main occupations of the Pussum and the other residents of the flat. Although Gudrun regards London as a foul town, it is within the urban city where her new understanding of art is recognized. In the flat, a weird number of modernist wo rks of art and influences are shown to symbolise the directness to non-traditional art. Within this environment of the modern city, we are presented with the Brangwen sisters as having much better chances to live their eminent individual personalities than within the well-known closeness of urban Beldover. Although Birkin and Gudrun detest the masses, Mrs Dalloway looks at the small crowdà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦gathered at the gates of Buckingham Palace  [15]  from the distance it becomes striking and beautiful. It is the sense of an endless society and quality which attracts Woolf, Lawrence nonetheless is shocked by the crowds single mindedness. It is interesting to note that the characteristics of the crowd are not obvious for all citizens of the city. In conclusion we are able to identify the significance of the representation of the city in all three works by Lawrence, Eliot and Woolf. There are many different modernist representations of the city which come across in all three texts. What T.S. Eliot pictures as an isolated, distressed area, is in fact for Virginia Woolf a symbolic landscape of life and vibrancy, and for D.H. Lawrence an urban area of despair. All three diverse understandings and ideas of the city are reflected in the characters presented in the texts by the modernist authors. For this reason we are shown how Mrs Dalloways consciousness presents an optimistic image of the city, which is contrasted by both Birkin and Gudruns negativity. On the other hand, we do not only get the general approach of the presentation and its significance, the authors are shown to be expressing their personal and individual understandings and views of the city. The citys attitude of precision is symbolised within Geralds modernization of the coalmines which introduce the perfect inhuman machines to Beldover. Exactness can also be found in the strikes of Big Ben in Mrs Dalloway. Furthermore, in Mrs Dalloway the cities characteristics are mirroring the state of mind of the characters and give therefore another perspective of the urban landscape. In addition, Lawrences and Woolfs new modernist techniques of expression have the ability to cope with the progressively altering conditions of modernity within the city life. Woolfs free indirect speech gives a full meaning and insight into the awareness of the characters, therefore giving them a much better and accurate understanding of their own individual views of the city. Lawrence uses repetition in his language in order to improve his conventional understanding of particular terms and provides the city with new characteristics. As a result, the individual and subjective experiences of the authors offer a complex and deeper picture of the reality and unreality of a w eak city. WORD COUNT: 2732

Walt Whitman :: essays research papers

Mysticism, Democracy, Individuality&Personality The 1881 publication of the Leaves of Grass contained more than twenty-four poems, which were reasonably filled with ten or more diversified types of themes. Walt Whitman the author and compiler of this exceptional work changed the status of poetry writing through his utilization of thought and expression in the publication of the Leaves of Grass. Ralph Waldo Emerson, a collogue and admirer of Walt once spoke this of him '…Whitman, that Sir, is a strange case, a case unknown to any of us, unless we should stumble upon him at church one day…';(Chase 142). A prevalent subject in all of Whitman's poetry is his use of the Divine Soul (god), which tends to explicate that Whitman was a very strong believer in his religion. Whitman use of themes discusses his own individuality and personality; he wanted to explain the democracy of America, and its achievements, while giving poetical thought to the great mysteries that plagued mankind of his generation.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The human self was comprised of physical and spiritual annex which both contained a self and soul as was characterized by Whitman. The self that Whitman spoke of was a man's own individual identity, which has a distinct quality and being, different from the selves of other men, but could be utilized to identify other men. The soul is another type of identity of mankind, which finds its niche in a human, and begins to amplify its personality. This self and soul that embodies every man on this celestial body is a portion of the divine soul also known as god. Whitman's use of these two elements led him to a closer path towards god, as he once said '… A man, who finds himself, is I the way of coming closer in contact with god…';(Whitman 104). Some critics confuse Whitman's use of self and soul to be egotism through his use of the pronoun 'I';, but he uses 'I'; as a universal, a part of the angelic world (God), and therefore he is not an egotistical man.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Whitman had a deep faith in the democracy of America because this political form of government respected the individual. He believed that the United States was best expressed through the common citizen, not the executive branch or the legislature. Another belief of Whitman is that in democracy, the common person had a deathless attachment to freedom. This attitude of Whitman could be traced back to the Enlightenment of the 18th century, where he thought that all evil dwelled in the oppressive social institutions, not in the naive human mind. Walt Whitman :: essays research papers Mysticism, Democracy, Individuality&Personality The 1881 publication of the Leaves of Grass contained more than twenty-four poems, which were reasonably filled with ten or more diversified types of themes. Walt Whitman the author and compiler of this exceptional work changed the status of poetry writing through his utilization of thought and expression in the publication of the Leaves of Grass. Ralph Waldo Emerson, a collogue and admirer of Walt once spoke this of him '…Whitman, that Sir, is a strange case, a case unknown to any of us, unless we should stumble upon him at church one day…';(Chase 142). A prevalent subject in all of Whitman's poetry is his use of the Divine Soul (god), which tends to explicate that Whitman was a very strong believer in his religion. Whitman use of themes discusses his own individuality and personality; he wanted to explain the democracy of America, and its achievements, while giving poetical thought to the great mysteries that plagued mankind of his generation.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The human self was comprised of physical and spiritual annex which both contained a self and soul as was characterized by Whitman. The self that Whitman spoke of was a man's own individual identity, which has a distinct quality and being, different from the selves of other men, but could be utilized to identify other men. The soul is another type of identity of mankind, which finds its niche in a human, and begins to amplify its personality. This self and soul that embodies every man on this celestial body is a portion of the divine soul also known as god. Whitman's use of these two elements led him to a closer path towards god, as he once said '… A man, who finds himself, is I the way of coming closer in contact with god…';(Whitman 104). Some critics confuse Whitman's use of self and soul to be egotism through his use of the pronoun 'I';, but he uses 'I'; as a universal, a part of the angelic world (God), and therefore he is not an egotistical man.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Whitman had a deep faith in the democracy of America because this political form of government respected the individual. He believed that the United States was best expressed through the common citizen, not the executive branch or the legislature. Another belief of Whitman is that in democracy, the common person had a deathless attachment to freedom. This attitude of Whitman could be traced back to the Enlightenment of the 18th century, where he thought that all evil dwelled in the oppressive social institutions, not in the naive human mind.

Temptation in Where Are You Going , Where Are you Been? Essay -- Where

The Theme of Temptation in â€Å"Where Are You Going , Where Are you Been?† by Joyce Carol Oates In â€Å"Where are You Going, Where Have you Been?† Joyce Carol Oates uses an allegorical figure of evil to illustrate the theme of temptation. Oates alludes to hell through the character Arnold Friend, as the devil, and his victim Connie, who invites him in by committing the sin of vanity. The narrator implies that Arnold Friend is Satan by giving certain clues that the reader can easily deduce. The name that Oates gives to the character is one hint to the reader: â€Å"Connie looked away from Friend's smile to the car, which was painted so bright it almost hurt her eyes to look at it. She looked at the name, Arnold Friend. She looked at it for a while as if the words meant something to her that she did not yet know† (583). The name â€Å"friend† was commonly used by the Protestants to refer to evil or the devil. Moreover, Arnold Friend's appearance also hints that he is Satan: â€Å"There were two boys in the car and now she recognizes the driver: he had shaggy, shabby black hair that looked as a crazy wig†(583). The narrator emphasizes the â€Å"wig† to make the reader think that he is wearing it for a purpose, which is hide his devil’s horns. Also, the fact that Arnold Friend's eyes are covered is another stragedy use by Oates to c onfirm the assumption of the diabolic presence: â€Å" He took off the sunglasses and she saw how pale the skin around his eyes was it, like holes that were not in shadow but in...

Jules Verne :: essays research papers

Jules Verne Going to moon, a balloon trip around the world, adventure under the sea, all this in the late 1800s? All this was possible in the writings of Jules Verne. Jules Verne was born in Nantes on February 8, 1828. He had a vivid imagination and as a child, he often sailed down the Loire River with his brother. He always wondered about air and undersea travel. In the 1800s, none of these advances were discovered. His father was a lawyer and wanted young Verne to be one, too. Jules was sent to Paris to study law and while he was there, he became interested in literature. He graduated with a degree in law in 1850. Jules began to write and give private law lessons in Paris. His father voiced some concern in pursuing literature as well as law. When Jules was in his young 20s, he wrote operettas librettos for about 2 years while continuing to practice law. He was appointed as the Secretary of the Theatre Lyrique in Paris. He made some letters to his mother commenting on his shabby clothes compared to the clothes poets there. He started to become a very busy people. Verne was married on January 10, 1857 to Honorine de Viane. He only had 1 child, a boy named Michel, who was born on August 3, 1861. Verne also had 2 stepdaughters, Valentine, and Suzanne. Michel grew up to be a very disobedient child. Verne tried many means of stopping this delinquency. He put Michel in jail in an attempt to stop the "madness". He was really unhappy over his son's behavior problem. Late 1879, Verne ended up throwing Michel out of the house. Michel ran off and married an actress. In 1887, he attended and recognized Michel's second marriage which helped in reviving the relationship between father and son. Jules Verne was an avid traveler and sailor. He visited many places with his brother, Paul. Paul helped Verne in many technical parts of his novel. In 1859, he and Paul made a summer trip to Scotland. Verne was very impressed by Scotland as a whole and it became the setting in one of Verne's novels. He also visited North America for a week. He visited New York, Buffalo, Niagara Falls, Toronto. He loved America and was very sad that he was never going to come again. Verne owned 3 boats, a sailboat, a sailing yacht, and a stem yacht. They were christened Saint-Michel 1, Saint-Michel 2, and Saint-Michel 3, respectively. He loved sailing and visited many place of Europe with his beloved boats.

Project Communications Management Essay

1. The major processes of Project Communications Management are: a. Plan Communications Management, Management Communications, and Control Communications. b. Plan Communications Management, Develop Responses, Report Progress, and Distribute Information. c. Plan Communications, Distribute Information, and Schedule Reporting. d. Distribute Information, Report Changes, Update Project Documents, and Accept Project Deliverable. 2. Communication activities have many potential dimensions that generally include all of the following EXCEPT: a. Written, oral, and non-verbal. b. Internal and external. c. Conceptual and definitive. d. Formal and informal. 3. Performance reporting is the act of collecting and distributing performance information, generally include all of the following EXCEPT: a. Status reporting. b. Decision tree analysis. c. Progress measurements. d. Forecasts. 4. Source of information typically used to identify and define project communication requirements includes all of the following EXCEPT: a. Project organization and stakeholder responsibility relationships. b. Disciplines, departments, and specialties involved in the project. c. Logistics of how many persons will be involved with the project and at which locations. d. Availability of in-place technology at the project location. 5. Hard-copy document management, electronic communications management, and web interfaces to scheduling and project management software are examples of: a. Integrated project management information systems (IPMIS). b. Internal communications systems. c. Information management system. d. Project records. 6. Control Communications is the process of: a. Ensuring that information is provided on a need-to-know basis only to avoid unnecessary confusion and possible conflicts. b. Monitoring and controlling communications throughout the entire project life cycle to ensure the information needs of the project stakeholders are met. c. Providing all project information to all project stakeholders to enhance full buy-in regarding project requirements. d. Securing and guarding any negative information related to project performance throughout the entire project life cycle to ensure that the project team can continue working on the project with minimal disruption. 7. When a project manager is engaged in negotiations, nonverbal communication skills are of: a. Little importance. b. Major importance. c. Importance only when cost and schedule objectives are involved. d. Importance to ensure he wins the negotiation. 8. A project manager has a project team consisting of people in four countries. The project is very important to the company, and the project manager is concerned about its success. The length of the project schedule is acceptable. What type of communication should he use? a. Informal verbal communication b. Formal written communication c. Formal verbal communication d. Informal written communication 9. If a project manager wants to report on the actual project results versus planned results, she should use a: a. Trend report. b. Forecasting report. c. Status report. d. Variance report. 10. A team member is visiting the manufacturing plant of one of the suppliers. Which of the following is the MOST important thing to be done in any telephone calls the project manager might make to the team member? a. Ask the team member to repeat back what the project manager says. b. Review the list of contact information for all stakeholders. c. Ask the team member to look for change requests. d. Review the upcoming meeting schedule

Exploring the Universality and Diversity of Human Language Essay

Chomsky (1975), a noted linguist, believes that we are â€Å"specifically designed† to learn language. As Biehler (1976) puts it, there are â€Å"striking uniformities† in languages of other cultures that follow grammatical patterns (universal grammar). Even Farrel (1978) agrees that there is â€Å"an underlying design original to all languages. † For all of them, language is simply a part of our genetic endowment, or as the evolutionist Haugen (1973) would say it, we have the â€Å"gift of language,† or the â€Å"universal gift of tongues. † Chomsky and other linguists believe that there are system of principles, conditions, and rules that are elements of all human languages. Human languages contain structure, which means they are composed of several words grouped basically by function (verbs, nouns, etc. ) and this is referred to in linguistic literatures as innate universal grammar. â€Å"The human brain is equipped with a learning algorithm, which enables us to learn certain languages. This algorithm can learn each of the existing 6,000 human languages and presumably many more, but it is impossible that algorithm could learn every computable language† (Nowak, Komarova and Niyogi, p. 615). What are the implications of all these? Regardless of cultural background, whatever language we know or use now, we are all innately predisposed to comprehend design in languages and we can easily grasp and work around grammatical rules, however complex or elaborate they are. Although of course, young children are at an advantage in using this gift, as timing in acquiring a language is important as well. Nonetheless, as a general statement, regardless of cultural or ethnic background, man’s remarkable ability to communicate through language, in itself, is already a good proof of the universality of language as a human faculty. As mentioned in the Atlas of Languages (1996), there is no known society or community in the world that is language-less. From the evolutionists’ point of view, language is essentially a human trait and this is a powerful evidence on the universality of language. While animals of the same kind have their own way of communicating, only humans had â€Å"the power of recursion to create an open-ended and limitless system of communication† Hauser, Chomsky and Fitch, 2002, p. 1578). Why and how humans acquired the faculty of language and managed to â€Å"spread from human to human and from culture to culture,† (Knezek, 1997) are often the usual subjects of discussion of scholars. Evolutionists would agree that â€Å"the faculty meditating human communication appears remarkably different from that of other living creatures†¦. that the human faculty of language appears to be organized like the genetic code with respect to its scope of expression. † Animals have been â€Å"designed on the basis of highly conserved developmental systems that read an almost universal language coded in DNA base pairs,† however, â€Å"they lack a common universal code of communication† (Hauser, Chomsky and Fitch, 2002, p. 1569). Diversity of Languages If there are over six thousand (6,ooo) documented human languages in the world while evidences, as earlier discussed, all point to what seem to be universal similarities in mankind’s gift of language, what caused the present diversity of languages? Languages differ in so many ways, and it should be interesting to explore these differences primarily from the genetic and environmental viewpoints. In the 15 August 2002 New York Times language article, Wade mentioned the remarkable theory of Dr. Richard Klein, an archaeologist at Stanford University – â€Å"that the emergence of behaviorally modern humans about 50,000 years ago was set off by a major genetic change, most probably the acquisition of language. † Could it be then, that there is a special gene linked to the innate ability of humans to acquire language? Which genetic change (s) led to changes in the biological make-up of human brain structures that would prove to be relevant for human language? A major feat in the study of cognitive genetics is the â€Å"discovery of the first human gene specifically involved in language† through the efforts of Dr. Svante Paabo and his colleagues at the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology in Leipzig, Germany. The gene named FOXP2 â€Å"is known to switch on other genes during the development of the brain† (Wade, 2002) The journal Nature journal published the report of the findings (as cited in Wade, 2002): â€Å"FOXP2 gene has remained largely unaltered during the evolution of mammals, but suddenly changed in humans after the hominid line had split off from the chimpanzee line of descent. The changes in the human gene affect the structure of the protein it specifies at two sites†¦.. One of them slightly alters the protein’s shape; the other gives it a new role in the signaling circuitry of human cells. The changes indicate that the gene has been under strong evolutionary pressure in humans. Also, the human form of the gene, †¦. seems to have become universal in the human population†¦. Humans must already have possessed some rudimentary form of language before the FOXP2 gene gained its two mutations†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦the improved gene may have swept through the population, providing the finishing touch to the acquisition of language. †

Assessment Task: Carbon Chemistry and Functional Groups

Assessment Task:Â  Carbon Chemistry & Functional Groups 1. Why does the carbon atom make so many covalent compounds? Carbon atoms have 4 single valence electrons, which mean they can bond to 4 other atoms. It bonds in a tetrahedral shape, or make straight, bent or ring shaped molecules when many are bonded together. The complexity allows it to bond to many other atoms. (1) 2. How is the structure of ethanol (key ingredient in vodka) different than the structure of acetic acid (vinegar) in terms of functional groups? Firstly, the structure of ethanol contains 6 hydrogen atoms, 2 carbon atoms and an oxygen atom. What is different from ethanol is that acetic acid has 2 oxygen atoms bonded to it rather than one and there are 5 hydrogen atoms on acetic acid while there are 6 hydrogen atoms on the ethanol. On the ethanol, the oxygen and a hydrogen atom bond together to form a hydroxyl group at the end of the chain while there is a carboxyl group attatched to the main chain of the acetic acid. The aldahyde functional group contains a double bond oxygen atom and a hydroxy group bonded to the end carbon. (1) 3. Draw diagrams of ethanol and acetic acid – clearly showing the shared pairs of electrons (covalent bonds). 4. Draw a structural diagram of glycine. (2) 5. Name the class of compounds that glycine belongs to and what do all of the compounds in this class have in common? Glycine is in the class of macromolecules. Ths class includes many repeated functional groups. 1) 6. Draw an organic compound that has two different functional groups. Lable these groups. Hydroxyl group on one end carboxyl group on the other. References 1. Allinotte, T. (2008). Chemical Basis of Life. Retrieved from

Legal memo

We filed a complaint last month in trial court alleging that there was negligence on the part of the store. We were seeking an award for damages. In the answer to the complaint the store alleges that Samaritan Smith had a duty to avoid the spill, and was unable to fulfill that duty because she was distracted by her misbehaving child. The store claims that her being distracted makes her equally at fault for the Injuries sustained in her trip and fall accident.Statement of Facts: While shopping at the local grocery store with her young son, Samaritan Smith lipped on clear, gel shampoo that had spilled Into the Isle. The fall resulted In a broken hip, requiring an overnight stay at the hospital as well as several months of physical therapy. The grocery store Indicated that although they complete hourly Isle clearance checks they were unaware of the spill. Issues: 1. Was the store negligent for not providing an environment free from hazards? 2.Is Samaritan Smith partially responsible for her injuries based on her not keeping proper lookout and not avoiding the spill? 3. Based on the Comparative Fault Act, can Samaritan Smith recover for her injuries? BRIEF ANSWERS: 1. In Indiana the owner oaf business or store is required to take reasonable measures to keep their property in a reasonably safe condition for persons who will be using the property. 2. Samaritan Smith does have a responsibility to maintain her own personal safety. 3. Based on the Comparative Fault Act, can Samaritan Smith recover for her injuries? Applicable Statue: 1.â€Å"A Claimant is barred from recovery if the Claimant's introductory fault is greater than the fault of all persons whose fault proximately contribute to the claimant's damages†. The amount awarded is reduced and possibly eliminated based on the level of claimant's fault found. Legal memo By cathedral The store claims that her being distracted makes her equally at fault for the injuries slipped on clear, gel shampoo that had spi lled into the isle. The fall resulted in a physical therapy. The grocery store indicated that although they complete hourly isle Legal Memo I chose to say contributory negligence because we cannot deny that cases of beer were not properly secured In our vehicle, proving that It was some percentage of our own default. ‘The plaintiff shall be barred from recovering damages if the Trier of fact finds that the contributory fault on the part of the plaintiff is more than 50% of the proximate cause of the Injury or damage for which recovery is sought. Illinois State Statute 735 ILLS 5/2-1116(c) (2011). Thus we must provide proof that the plaintiff, Mr..King contributed at least 51% of the negligence. A similar case would be Attainment v Modern Industries, INC. 960 F. Ad 692; 1992 U. S. App. LEXIS 6205. This case Involved a collision between a truck (Defendant, Modern Industries) and a person (Attainment). Attainment died due to his Injuries resulting from the accident. The decedent's mother brought a wrongful death slut against Modern Industries. Attainment was found to be 51% at fault thus the claim against Modern Indus tries was denied.Attainment's actions before he collided with Modern Industries are what led to the accident In the first place. An example of one of Attainment's contribution to the accident Is: â€Å"No person shall open the door of a vehicle on the side available to moving traffic unless and until It Is reasonably safe to do so, and can be done without Interfering with the movement of other traffic, nor shall any person leave a door open on the side of a vehicle available to moving traffic or a period of time longer than necessary to load or unload passengers. Ill. Rev. Stats. 1989, chi. 95 1/2, par. 11-1407. Legal Memo PAP 10 By Jeroboams that cases of beer were not properly secured in our vehicle, proving that it was some percentage of our own default. â€Å"The plaintiff shall be barred from recovering is more than 50% of the proximate cause of the injury or damage for which recovery U. S. App. LEXIS 6205. This case involved a collision between a truck (Defendant, Modern Ind ustries) and a person (Attainment).Attainment died due to his injuries resulting from the accident. The decedent's mother brought a wrongful death suit Modern Industries are what led to the accident in the first place. An example of one of Attainment's contribution to the accident is: â€Å"No person shall open the door of a vehicle on the side available to moving traffic unless and until it is reasonably safe to do so, and can be done without interfering with the movement of other traffic, nor

Most Effective Communication Interpersonal Communication Essay

Most Effective Communication Interpersonal Communication - Essay Example In this paper we are going to discuss effective interpersonal communication and how it helps in developing effective communication in our lives. We are also going to study roles of self-disclosure, non-verbal communication and listening in building effective interpersonal communication. For this purpose we will be considering three aspects of interpersonal communication and how these branches of communication are connected to have an effective communication. What is interpersonal communication? McCornack (2012) defines interpersonal communication as a dynamic form of communication between two (or more) people in which the messages exchanged significantly influence their thoughts, emotions, behaviors, and relationships. It is a process of give and take and is extremely impactful. Communication is multi-dimensional. Various aspects such as nonverbal communication, self-disclosure, and listening impact interpersonal communication great deal. To understand correlation of these key concepts, we have to understand definitions of these concepts. Self-disclosure –Revealing private information about yourself to others is known as self-disclosure (McCornack, 2012). How much information you are willing to share about yourself plays a pivotal role in building relationships with people. We are not very comfortable about sharing our personal experiences and life events with anyone as we fear that it could alter the image I have created in the mind of the listener. However it is also observed that in interpersonal communication, effective self-disclosure along with implicit trust has often helped strengthening relationships and mutual understanding. Wood (2007) states that one way to get information about yourself is through self-disclosure, which is revealing information about ourselves that others are unlikely to discover on their own. Self-disclosure is an important way to learn about ourselves. Wood suggests that as we reveal our hopes, fears, dreams, and feelings, we get responses from others that give us new perspectives on who we are. In addition, we gain insight into ourselves by seeing how we interact with others in new situations. Nonverbal communication – communication that happens without saying a word written or oral is nonverbal communication (McCornack, 2012). We say so many things with the help of gestures, eyes and body language. As nonverbal cues keep giving away what is going on in our minds, it is often said that we c annot communicate. Hence we do not believe only on words said in communication, and it becomes imperative that it is accompanied by appropriate body language. Knapp and Daly (2002) state that interpersonal communication scholars have probably always recognized the vital contributions of proxemics, kinesic, olfactory, vocal, and verbal signs to the understanding of interpersonal communication, but the early emphasis was clearly on verbal behaviour. As the number of scholars studying non-verbal behaviour increased, it gradually became a separate area of study. Moreover, Knapp and Daly (2002) report that the study of verbal behaviour and non-verbal behaviour appeared, for practical purposes, to be independent of one another. Listening – listening is not hearing words. It is hearing words, understanding their context, processing them and reacting or offering

Managing information Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Managing information - Assignment Example Postal surveys (sometimes called mail-out surveys) usually involve mailing self-completed questionnaires to a target group of people. The main advantages of postal surveys are that large numbers of questionnaires can be sent out at fairly low cost. Questions that are difficult to ask on the telephone or in face-to-face interviews, can be asked in a postal questionnaire. For example, personally sensitive information (about income, sexual orientation, drinking behaviour) are best asked about in a way that saves the respondent the embarrassment of facing a stranger and reporting something they may feel awkward about. 41.67% of the male clients to the assessing the store used their own personal cars a compared to 50% of females who used their personal drive. 27.08% of male walked to the store while 30.76% of females. 31.25% males used public transport while 19.23% female used public transport to access the store. Many of the female clients’ use they own drive this implies that in the region more female earn much more than their male counterparts. In the same place more female clients prefer to walk rather than using the public transport. The clients using their own drive found it most convenient to access the store with 35.29% finding it extremely convenient to access the store. 44.44% of clients walking to the store found it extremely convenient for them. And only 13% using public transport found it convenient to access the store. This implies that it is much more convenient to use a personal drive than use of public to access the store. 5% of the clients found the services being to helpful at all even after they waited for extremely long. A relatively huge number of clients 14% found no help at all even after just waiting for slightly long for the service. This implies that the time taken to offer services did not have implication to the quality of service delivered. A total of 14% of all the clients found the service to be helpful

Predictive Policing Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Predictive Policing - Research Paper Example Information technology to reduce crime Vs random patrols Reports indicate that the application of information technology greatly assists police departments to take proactive measures against future crimes and thereby reduce crime rates. The recidivism rate for parolees, probationers, and sex offenders is on the rise in the United States and this issue has generated intense public scrutiny. Currently, the US police departments widely use advancements in information technology to optimize their performance and thereby reduce crime rates. Application of Global positioning system or GPS is currently used as an effective way to reduce the rate of recidivism. As Navarro (2007) points out, in Florida, micro global positioning chips are implanted in the body of child sexual predators to monitor them continuously. In addition, micro GPS chips are also used to accurately map the location of parolees and probationers so as to prevent them from committing crimes in future. A network of databases containing historical crime data has been established in the US for enabling police departments to get faster access to past crime information. This system improves the communication between police departments across the country and this strong policing network reduces crimes rates to a great extent. Similarly, application of information technology is of great help for police departments to reduce random patrol of the streets. As discussed earlier, the development of GPS greatly benefited the police to reduce random patrolling.... The satellite based radar system and surveillance camera systems aid US police departments to monitor streets from control rooms. To illustrate, traffic rule violations including over speed and signal jumping are captured and recorded by radar and surveillance camera systems and hence the law violators are identified using their vehicles’ registration numbers. The radar systems are also helpful to observe gangsters and other problem makers. In short, IT assists police departments to prevent crimes effectively without random patrol of the streets. IS functions of COMPSTAT Input, processing, output, and feedback are the four basic IS functions of COMPSTAT, a law enforcement crime fighting strategy adopted by the New York City Police Department. Four IS functions Four COMPSTAT principles Input Accurate and timely intelligence Processing Effective tactics Output Rapid deployment Feedback Relentless follow-up and assessment (Source: Godown, 2009) As the input, computer generated an d other statistical data are collected and gathered timely to present in various formats such as charts, maps, and graphs at COMPSTAT meetings. The process is initiated by timely given accurate information and data. At the primary level, â€Å"information is gathered from an agency’s statistical archives on crimes and arrests† and which is produced to the U. S. Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) Uniform Crime Reporting program (Godown, 2009). At the processing stage, effective tactics are developed to manage a particular situation. Once the staff officers are provided with timely and accurate information, they have to design, develop, and implement crime management policies and action plans

Mcdonalds vs Burger King Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Mcdonalds vs Burger King - Research Paper Example Over the years the two companies have had advertising wars over product superiority such as the French fries wars. The purpose of this paper is to compare and contrast the business models, advertising strategies, and financials of McDonald’s and Burger King. McDonald’s Company Profile McDonald’s was founded in 1955 by Ray Kroc. The hamburger chain restaurant has brought innovation into the industry since its inception. In 1975 they became the first company to ever offer a drive-thru window. Today the firm enjoys market leadership in the industry. The company achieved global sales in 2010 of $24,075 billion. The firm is a public company whose common stocks are traded in the NYSE under the symbol MCD. The company has over 32,737 restaurants across 118 countries worldwide serving nearly 64 million customers each day (Aboutmcdonalds, 2011). About 80% of the firm’s restaurants are independently owned franchises. The chief executive officer of the company is Jim Skinner. The organization has 1.7 million employees worldwide. Burger King Company Profile Burger King was founded in 1954 by James McLamore and David Edgerton. The company first TV advertisement aired in 1958 and by 1961 the firm began selling franchises. Burger King has 12,078 franchises worldwide. The firm has established operations in 73 countries. In 2010 Burger King achieved total revenues of $1,839 million. The firm is traded in the NYSE under the symbol BKC. The firm franchises nearly 90% of its stores. Burger King is the second largest fast food company in the world serving over 11 million customers worldwide (Bk, 2011). Business Model Comparison Burger King and McDonald’s both have similar business models. They are both burger chain franchises that have domestic and international operations. McDonalds has a larger operation than Burger King with over 20,000 more stores. McDonalds is a bigger international player with 17,276 foreign stores located across 118 countri es (Worldfranchising, 2011). McDonalds has a better brand value than Burger King. The firm has capitalized on that brand value by charging a 12% royalty fee which is 8% higher than the 4% royalty Burger King charges to its franchises. Both companies sell products of equal nutritional content. Burger offers in its combo better value due the fact that their hamburgers are bigger and of better quality meat. US customers prefer McDonald’s French fries over Burger King French fries. McDonald’s has a better $1 menu than Burger King. The organic growth model used by McDonald’s has been more effective at achieving a higher market share than Burger King’s growth strategy. Both companies were founded at around the same timeline. A difference between the franchises in terms of store capacity is that Burger King requires a building of a minimum size of 3,600 square feet, while McDonald’s stores can be located in buildings as small as 2,000 square feet. Marketi ng Comparison McDonald’s and Burger King both spend millions of dollars each year in marketing budget. A great portion of the marketing budget of these companies is financed by a special advertising fee the company charges to its franchises. Burger King and McDonald’s both charge their franchisees an advertising fee of 4% of the store’s revenue (Worldfranchising, 2011). McDonald’s has been more effective over the years at targeting children in comparison with Burger King. â€Å"